The Apparent mass effect is enhanced significantly when the motion of a body changes quickly, such as a flapping wing or an impulsively started plate. Previous method for calculating the Apparent mass of a given body needs to adopt the assumption of ideal flow and know the potential of velocity field arising in the fluid due to the motion of the body. However, the assumption of ideal flow is contrary to real fluid field and it is hard to obtain the potential of velocity field in most cases. In this paper, a new method based on the vorticity moment theorem for calculating the Apparent mass of the body of revolution in the axial direction due to axial acceleration is developed. This method has no assumption of ideal flow and establishes the relationship between the Apparent mass and the vorticity loops adjacent to the surface of the body. Using this method, the value of the Apparent mass can be easily figured out and the physical mechanism of the Apparent mass can be revealed from the view of the vorticity loop. The comparisons between different bodies have shown the influences of the fineness ratio (the ratio of the length to the maximum diameter) and the trailing edge type on the Apparent mass.

Background: Diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) is one of methods in evaluation of breast lesions. We aimed to investigate the Apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values in breast tumors and their accuracy in differentiating benign versus malignant lesions. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 72 patients with 88 breast lesions were investigated by 1. 5-T breast MRI from 2015 to 2017 in Athari Imaging Center in Tehran, Iran. Nearly all patients has undergone histopathology evaluation. One small region of interest (ROI) were placed on the most restricted region inside the solid part on the ADC map. Care was taken to avoid cystic or necrotic, fatty regions and hematoma inside the mass. A large round ROIs were placed in healthy fibroglandular tissue of contralateral breast ADC values were measured and compared in normal breast tissue and in most restricted parts of breast lesions (mass and non-mass). After determining cut-off for differentiation of benign and malignant lesions, sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, positive predictive value and negative predictive value were calculated. Results: Mean age of patients was 43. 3 years. The average tumor size of benign and malignant lesions were calculated 26. 0 mm, 35. 3 mm respectively and 23 mm and 46 mm in mass and non-mass respectively. Invasive ductal carcinoma include the majority of pathology result (in 37. 5% of the patients). Our results revealed that the measured ADC values in normal breast tissue were higher than breast lesions (P≤ 0. 01). Mean ADC value in benign lesions was 1. 40×10-3 mm² /s and for malignant lesion was 1. 08×10-3 mm² /s. ADC value in the normal breast tissue was 1. 79×10-3 mm2/s and was significantly higher than ADC value of breast lesions (benign and malignant). Cut-off value in non-mass was not valid, but in mass was 1. 19×10-3 mm² /s with sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive and accuracy of 89. 7%, 83. 8%, 87. 5%, 86. 6%, and 87. 1% respectively. Conclusion: In DWI imaging, ADC value can differentiate benign and malignant masses with high sensitivity and specificity but not helpful in non-mass lesions.

The purpose of legal rules and procedures is to regulate social relationships and maintain order in a community to pave the way for economic and social improvements. Based on this, legal rules are to be adaptable to different contexts, and the legislator is to be well-aware of the realities of the society and observe them carefully. Rules and regulations concerning unauthorized transactions, which have been dealt with in the Iranian law since a long time ago, are established based on the assumption that supporting the owner would lead to the prevention of theft and fraud. Accordingly, the rules associated with unauthorized transactions set the principle that no one can grant nor sell anything that does not belong to them whatsoever. This principle has enjoyed great integrity and use in the past, now, however, the world of business calls for a change due to the transformed nature of trades and transactions which clings on the decision-making speed...

The authority of a captain is not limited to the technical management of the ship during the voyage and the administrative duties concerning the interaction with the administrative organizations located in commercial ports. The captain has, moreover, a special place arising from his role in the maritime trade scene and his role in managing the ship that allows him to act on behalf of the maritime carriers in the transaction or to take other necessary measures in crew recruitment, ship repair, fulfillment of basic needs, etc. in emergencies where the completion of the voyage is subject to prompt action by the captain. The captain's authority is sometimes deemed to stem from the legitimate and conventional appearance and, consequently, from the reasonable perception created for others. However, he does not have such authority in reality. So, the question arises as to whether the shipowner's defense that captain has acted beyond his authority, if proven, is admissible and precludes the legitimate expectations of the other party to the contract about the owner’s commitment to the consequences of the captain’s acts. In other words, can the captain's authority be extended and can he be considered the shipowner’s agent? In response to this question, legal doctrine and jurisprudence have suggested the Apparent agency of the captain in support of third parties in good faith who deal with the captain by trusting in the appearance and considering his authoritativeness. In this study, this type of agency of the captain in his interventions is examined in the domestic and foreign legal system. The results indicate that the Apparent agency of the captain is represented mainly in his transactions such as ship sales and mortgages, cargo sales and mortgages, ship rental, crew recruitment, and bill of lading. The Apparent agency leads to the liability of the ship owner making him responsible for fulfilling obligations arising from the acts of the Apparent agent. Although the advancement of knowledge and the development of communication tools in recent years have made it possible to communicate with the owner and ask him for instructions, the notion of the impossibility of extraordinary intervention of the captain as an Apparent agent is hardly acceptable. Accordingly, the legal doctrine today emphasizes the Apparent agency of the captain, focusing on his specific role and scope of authority as one of the major bases of the Apparent agency. In line with the legal literature, the rulings of foreign courts on a variety of issues uphold the captain's authority to steer ships from the port of loading to the port of discharge. The captain's intervention on behalf of the shipowner is sometimes expanded to the point where court documents are sent to him rather than to the owner or even where he is considered a defendant himself, and sparing him from this status is ruled to be void. Although the legal systems has come to hold the view that the captain lacks the authority to sell the ship, his authority in mortgaging the ship and cargo is a point of contention, each legal system having its own position, with minor disagreements within each system. Following Article 28 of the Iranian Amendment to the Maritime Act approved on 9/18/2012, which has replaced Article 89 of the Iranian Maritime Act, obtaining permission from the shipowner, the sender and the cargo owner is a necessary condition for mortgaging the ship. Although the legislature may appear to want to reduce the captain's authority and, consequently, to strip him of his Apparent agency, according to the Paragraph A of the above-mentioned article, the captain is still eligible to receive a loan if necessary funds are not provided by the owner or in necessities when urgent interventions are necessary. Moreover, according to Article 33 of the Amendment to the Maritime Act, which has replaced Article 94 of the Maritime Act, the deficiency of the latter, which failed to determine the legal status of the unjustified sale of the cargo, has been eliminated, and by confirming its validity, the Apparent agency of the captain in the sale of cargo has been explicitly acknowledged. This agency can also be sustained in concluding a lease in the event of an emergency. Besides, due to the special place of the ship certificate of registry in establishing the ownership in some legal systems such as the French Law, if the tenant's name is not mentioned in the bill of lading, the owner, being named in the ship certification of registry, is considered responsible for the captain's obligations. The Apparent agency of the captain in issuing the bill of lading now enjoys an almost consensual endorsement among legal systems of the world.

Background & Objectives: Cardiovascular events are among the most common causes of mortality in patients with end stage renal disease. Caediac biomarkers such as troponins are very sensitive in diagnosing heart problems. Troponin I can be used to diagnose acute cardiovascular problems in hemodialysis patients.Methods: In -this descriptive-analytical and cross-sectional study the level of troponin I was measured in 39 hemodialysis patients using ELISA method and BUN, Cr and Hb level before hemodialysis. LVH and LVMI were determined by echocardiography. The data were analyzed using SPSS.Results: The patients were 52.92 years old on average. 26 patients were male and 13 female.The average of tropnin I was 0.78 µg/l. There was no meaningful relationship between troponin I and LVMI, age and sex. However, a significant relationship was found between the level of troponin I with EF and diastolic dysfunction (p=0.05).Conclusion: Troponin I can be regarded as an indicator of LV dysfunction.

In this study the effects of concentration on tannin content, total anthocyanin content, total phenol content and antioxidant activity of cornelian cherry juice using conventional and microwave methods under various operational pressures (100, 38.5 and 12 kPa) were investigated. The final juice concentration of 42o Brix was achieved in 137, 125, and 93 minutes at 100, 38.5 and 12 kPa, respectively, by conventional heating. Applying microwave energy decreased required times to 115, 90, and 75 min. at 100, 38.5 and 12 kPa, respectively. Results showed that thermal treatment by microwave compared to conventional heating under low-pressure operation (12 kPa) caused less decrease in the phytochemical content (tannin content, total anthocyanin content, total phenol content and antioxidant activity) of cornelian cherry juice.